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Federoff, N.E. 1996. Malocclusion in the jaws of captive bred Arctic wolves, Canis lupus arctos. The Canadian Field-Naturalist 110(4):683-687.
Similar abnormalities in the skulls of captive Arctic wolves (Canis lupus arctos) and a wild Arctic wolf found dead on Ellesmere Island, NW Territories, in 1986 are described. The malocclusion is likely to be recessively inherited and would be expressed more frequently in association with increased levels of inbreeding. A re-shaping of the skulls may have occurred due to the effects of the malocclusive trait. The Ellesmere skull was short and wide in comparison to the captive skulls which were long and narrow. The focus of effect was a foreshortening of the rostrum and the resulting shortened toothrow.
